Aromatase Inhibitors in Men: Effects and Treatment Options
Aromatase Inhibitors in Men: Effects and Therapeutic Options
Written by Willem de Ronde and Frank H de Jong
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are drugs that block the enzyme
aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen. While initially developed for
use in women, AIs are now being explored for their potential benefits in men. This article discusses the effects of AIs on hormone levels,
metabolism, and various therapeutic applications in men.
Background
Estrogens play a crucial role in male physiology, particularly in bone health, brain function, and
metabolic regulation. Aromatase is responsible for the conversion of
testosterone to estrogen, and its activity varies significantly among individuals.
Metabolism of estrogens in men
In men, aromatase produces estradiol, which is essential for maintaining metabolic and bone health.
Dysregulation of aromatase can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis or obesity.
Phenotype of aromatase deficiency and excess
Aromatase deficiency is rare but can result in hypogonadism,
while excess activity may contribute to estrogen-related conditions such as breast cancer.
Aromatase inhibitors
Aromatase inhibitors are drugs that block the
enzyme's activity, thereby reducing estrogen levels. They have shown promise in treating hormone-sensitive cancers and metabolic disorders.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on luteinizing hormone release and testosterone production
Aromatase inhibitors can increase luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, which may
enhance testosterone production.
Effects of aromatase inhibition in obese men
In obese individuals, AIs may improve metabolic markers and reduce visceral fat.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on release of follicle-stimulating hormone
and spermatogenesis
Aromatase inhibitors may impact spermatogenesis, with potential effects on fertility.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on bone metabolism and epiphysial
closure
AIs may influence bone health, with potential benefits for conditions like osteoporosis.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on male breast
The impact of AIs on male breast health is an area of
ongoing research.
Safety and concerns for aromatase inhibitors in men
Aromatase inhibitors may cause side effects such as hot flashes, bone loss, and cardiovascular risks.
Conclusion
Aromatase inhibitors hold promise for treating various conditions in men but require
further research to fully understand their benefits
and risks.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Willem de Ronde and Frank H de Jong contributed to the article's concept and writing.
Contributor Information
Both authors are researchers in the field of endocrinology.
References
Reference 1
Reference 2
Reference 3
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TB Test: What It Is, How It Works, Results & Side Effects
The TB test, also known as the tuberculosis skin test, is a method used to determine if someone has
been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
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How It Works
The test is administered by injecting a small amount of PPD into the skin. The
body's immune system will react to this foreign substance, causing
swelling and redness at the injection site within 2-3 days.
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Results
The results of the TB test are usually read after 48-72 hours.
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past exposure to TB. A negative result suggests no current active infection but does
not rule out future exposure or infection.
Side Effects
Common side effects at the injection site include mild soreness, redness, and
slight swelling. These typically resolve within a few days.
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# Tuberculosis (TB) Test
## Overview
A tuberculosis (TB) test is a procedure used to determine if
a person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that causes TB.
It’s a key tool in diagnosing and controlling the spread of this infectious disease.
---
## What Is a TB Test?
A TB test is a diagnostic method to check for exposure to TB bacteria.
Depending on the type of test, it can reveal whether someone has a latent
(inactive) infection or an active infection.
---
## Who Needs a TB Test?
TB tests are recommended for:
- People exposed to someone with active TB.
- Immigrants and refugees arriving in high-TB areas.
- Healthcare workers exposed to patients with infectious diseases.
- Children and adults with HIV/AIDS, as TB is more likely to progress to
active disease in this population.
---
## How Often Do You Need a TB Test?
TB tests are typically given once, but in some cases, such as close
contact with an infected individual or high risk, testing may occur annually or more
frequently depending on the situation and guidelines.
---
## Test Details
### How Does a Tuberculosis Test Work?
A TB test detects exposure to TB bacteria through either a skin (intradermal) test or a blood test.
#### How a TB Skin Test Works
- The healthcare provider administers an inert substance (like tuberculin antigen) under the skin’s surface.
- The area is read 48–72 hours later for a reaction, indicated by swelling or redness.
A positive result means exposure to TB bacteria, while a negative
result means no exposure.
#### How a TB Blood Test Works
- A blood sample is taken and tested in a lab for TB-specific antibodies.
This method is less common than skin testing but can provide results in 2–3 days.
---
## What Should I Expect During the Test?
- **Skin Test:** A small, painless shot is administered;
slight swelling or redness at the injection site may occur within a few days.
- **Blood Test:** A simple blood draw is needed, similar to other lab tests.
---
## Side Effects of a Tuberculosis Test
Common side effects include:
- Mild soreness or itching at the skin test site.
- Flulike symptoms (fatigue, fever, chills) if exposed but not infected.
- Rarely, severe allergic reactions (e.g., rash or difficulty breathing).
---
## Results and Follow-Up
### What Type of Results Do You Get from a Tuberculosis Test?
- **Positive:** Indicates exposure to TB bacteria. Further testing is needed to determine if the infection is latent or active.
- **Negative:** No exposure detected at the time of testing.
### When Should I Know the Results of My TB Test?
- Skin test results are typically available within 2–3 days.
- Blood test results are usually available in 1–2 weeks.
### What Does a Positive TB Test Look Like?
- A positive skin test may show a hard, raised bump with surrounding redness or swelling.
### When Should I Call My Healthcare Provider About Tuberculosis?
- If you experience symptoms like cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweats, seek
medical attention immediately.
---
## A Note from Cleveland Clinic
The Cleveland Clinic emphasizes the importance of
timely TB testing for high-risk individuals and suggests
consulting a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
---
## Care at Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland Clinic offers comprehensive TB testing services, ensuring accurate results and appropriate
follow-up care for patients.
---
## References
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Global TB Report
2023.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) –TB Testing Guidelines.
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